# References — semaglutide literature cited

> Full citation list for the semaglutide research summarized across this site. Primary literature from NEJM, JAMA, The Lancet, Nature Medicine, European Heart Journal, and the FDA prescribing information.

Every quantitative claim on this site cites one of the studies below. Primary literature only — Phase 3 trials, meta-analyses, and the relevant pharmacology and safety reviews.

## How to read this list

References are numbered in the order they first appear across the site. The full citation, DOI (where available), and a link to PubMed, PubMed Central, or the publishing journal are given for each. All cited trials and reviews are open to inspection on their respective publisher sites; readers are encouraged to consult the primary literature rather than summaries.

## References

[1] Marso SP, Bain SC, Consoli A, et al. Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine. 2016. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27633186/
[2] Wilding JPH, Batterham RL, Calanna S, et al. Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity. New England Journal of Medicine. 2021. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2032183
[3] Lincoff AM, Brown-Frandsen K, Colhoun HM, et al. (SELECT Trial Investigators). Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Obesity without Diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine. 2023; 389:2221-2232. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2307563
[4] Perkovic V, Tuttle KR, Rossing P, et al. (FLOW Trial Steering Committee and Investigators). Effects of Semaglutide on Chronic Kidney Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine. 2024. https://www.nejm.org/doi/abs/10.1056/NEJMoa2403347
[5] Husain M, Birkenfeld AL, Donsmark M, et al. (PIONEER 6 Investigators). Oral Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine. 2019. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31185157/
[6] Pratley RE, Aroda VR, Lingvay I, et al. Semaglutide versus dulaglutide once weekly in patients with type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN 7): a randomised, open-label, phase 3b trial. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. 2018. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/landia/article/PIIS2213-8587(18)30024-X/abstract
[7] Rubino DM, Greenway FL, Khalid U, et al. Effect of Weekly Subcutaneous Semaglutide vs Daily Liraglutide on Body Weight in Adults With Overweight or Obesity Without Diabetes: The STEP 8 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2022; 327(2):138-150. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2787907
[8] Garvey WT, Batterham RL, Bhatta M, et al. Two-year effects of semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity: the STEP 5 trial. Nature Medicine. 2022; 28:2083-2091. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-022-02026-4
[9] Weghuber D, Barrett T, Barrientos-Pérez M, et al. (STEP TEENS Investigators). Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adolescents with Obesity. New England Journal of Medicine. 2022; 387:2245-2257. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2208601
[10] Kosiborod MN, Abildstrøm SZ, Borlaug BA, et al. (STEP-HFpEF Trial Committees and Investigators). Semaglutide in Patients with Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction and Obesity. New England Journal of Medicine. 2023. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2306963
[11] Sanyal AJ, Newsome PN, et al. (ESSENCE Trial Investigators). Phase 3 Trial of Semaglutide in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis. New England Journal of Medicine. 2025 (published June 5, 2025). https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2413258
[12] Hendershot CS, Bremmer MP, Paladino MB, et al. Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults With Alcohol Use Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2025; 82(4):395-405. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39937469/
[13] Andersen A, Knop FK, Vilsbøll T. Semaglutide for type 2 diabetes (review). Drugs (open-access PMC). 2020. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7450779/
[14] Wilding JPH, Batterham RL, Davies M, et al. Weight regain and cardiometabolic effects after withdrawal of semaglutide: The STEP 1 trial extension. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. 2022; 24(8):1553-1564. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9542252/
[15] Ryan DH, Lingvay I, Deanfield J, et al. Long-term weight loss effects of semaglutide in obesity without diabetes in the SELECT trial. Nature Medicine. 2024. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11271387/
[16] Mahaffey KW, Tuttle KR, Rossing P, et al. Cardiovascular outcomes with semaglutide by severity of chronic kidney disease in type 2 diabetes: the FLOW trial. European Heart Journal. 2024. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11931213/
[17] Smith J et al. Semaglutide — Drug Information. StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf). 2024. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603723/
[18] Assessment of Thyroid Carcinogenic Risk and Safety Profile of GLP1-RA Semaglutide Therapy for Diabetes Mellitus and Obesity: A Systematic Literature Review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(8):4346. https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/8/4346
[19] Smits MM, Van Raalte DH. Safety of Semaglutide. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2021. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8294388/
[20] Aroda VR, Aberle J, Bardtrum L, et al. Efficacy and safety of once-daily oral semaglutide 25 mg and 50 mg compared with 14 mg in adults with type 2 diabetes (PIONEER PLUS): a multicentre, randomised, phase 3b trial. The Lancet. 2023. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(23)01127-3/abstract
[21] Wharton S, et al. Gastrointestinal tolerability of once-weekly semaglutide 2.4 mg in adults with overweight or obesity, and the relationship between gastrointestinal adverse events and weight loss. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2022. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34514682/
[22] Various. A real-world disproportionality analysis of semaglutide: Post-marketing pharmacovigilance data. J Diabetes Investig. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38943656/
[23] McCrimmon RJ, et al. Impact of Semaglutide on Body Composition in Adults With Overweight or Obesity. J Endocr Soc. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvab048.030
[24] Rubino D, et al. Effect of Continued Weekly Subcutaneous Semaglutide vs Placebo on Weight Loss Maintenance in Adults With Overweight or Obesity (STEP 4). JAMA. 2021. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33755728/
[25] Various. Alopecia associated with the use of semaglutide and tirzepatide: A disproportionality analysis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38925559/
[26] Various. Telogen Effluvium Associated With Weight Loss: A Single Center Retrospective Study. Ann Dermatol. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39623615/
[27] Aroda VR, et al. Current Understanding of Sodium N-(8-[2-Hydroxylbenzoyl] Amino) Caprylate (SNAC) as an Absorption Enhancer: The Oral Semaglutide Experience. Clin Diabetes. 2023. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38230324/
[28] Au Yeung SL, et al. Drug-Drug Interactions Between Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists and Oral Medications: A Systematic Review. Drug Saf. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38273155/

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An independent summary of published clinical-trial evidence — not medical advice, not a clinic, not a prescription.